Wednesday, July 31, 2019

Organizational Behavior: a discipline for discovery Essay

Ask a manager of 35, 25 or even 15 years ago what their Organization’s Behavioral patterns were or how their employees felt about certain issues and you would probably be met with blank stares. Organizational Behavior (OB) was not a part of the business world in those days. The idea that a manager need only deal with the technical skills of it’s employees while disregarding their own listening skills, communication skills and interaction skills was the common mode of thought. A recent study on employee burnout by Northwestern National Life Insurance shows that at least one out of every four employees views their job as the biggest stressor in their lives (Work, stress and health conference, 1999). Clearly it is time to reevaluate our thinking on the business concepts of the past and focus our attention on our organization with a more humanistic approach. What worked in the past is not necessarily going to work today. As the world changes so too does our environment change. We need to change with it or be left behind. Organizational Behavior is one of those vehicles being used for change. The past 10-15 years has shown an increase in Organizational Behavior studies. OB has become an important tool for businesses striving to meet the needs of its employees while understanding the impact of the individual on an organization’s behavior. History The generational gap between people is apparent. The values, thoughts and dreams of our parents are probably much different than ours of today just like their values were differed from your grandparents. The attitudes and beliefs of a generation are a big part of the make-up of a person’s personality and work ethic. Stephen P. Robbins notes in his text that the previous 3 generations, while similar in some respects, held distinct differences in their values (p.130-2). Organizational behavior is a byproduct of the times. The workers adapted to their organization and grew with it (1940’s and 50’s). As time went on a shift towards quality of life, non-conforming, autonomy and loyalty to one’s own values became prevalent (1960’s and 70’s). Another shift occurred in the mid 70’s. The value system  moved towards ambition, loyalty to career, hardworking, and the desire for success and achievement. This period lasted till about the mid 80’s when another shift moved us towards the value system commonly held today of flexibility, value to relationships, desire for leisure time and overall job satisfaction. Robbins classified these four stages as follows: Protestant work ethic, Existential, Pragmatic, and Generation X (p.131). We can see that what worked in the 50’s in terms of how an organization operated is probably not going to be as effective in today’s organizations. Whether it’s the Protestant work ethic of the 1940’s and 50’s or it’s Generation X of today, the picture should be clear. We need to know what our workers value, how they feel and change with them so as to keep our organization on the cutting edge of productivity and profitability. Research In order to highlight the need for OB studies we need to know what OB gives us, how it relates to our employees and what that overall impact is on the organization. OB is a field of study that investigates the impacts that individuals, groups, and structure have on behavior within organizations for the purpose of applying such knowledge towards improving an organization’s effectiveness (Robbins, 2001, p.16). Simply put, OB allows us the chance to learn what individuals are thinking, how their though processes work, what motivates them to do certain things, and how their choices relate to an organization. What do workers want? What are their concerns? The answers are not always the same and the methods of discovery are varied as well but some key responses that seem to be constantly mentioned are job security, a balanced work and family life, and a competitive salary (Cohen, 2002, para.5). Another survey, from Watson Wyatt Worldwide, showed that employees listed the desire for trust in their senior leaders as their number one want when considering what would make them committed to their employers (Johnson, 2001, para.10). Almost half (45%) of the 7500 people in that survey said they were not committed to their employers. Another interesting note from one professional is that managers too often try to manage the stress in employees’ lives rather than trying to avoid it (Johnson, 2001, para.11). Why should we be concerned with these surveys and studies? Quite simply,  because other companies are using this information and if we don’t we will eventually be left behind. Scott Gellar, a psychologist, noted a list of companies/organizations that are investing considerable time, money and manpower into addressing the broad cultural issues of their organizations. Fortune’s â€Å"100 Best Companies to work for in America† topped the list of those being proactive (Johnson, 2001, para.19). In 1984 only one of the top 100 companies offered onsite daycare. In 2000, 24 offered it. More than 50 offered onsite university courses and more than 90 offered tuition reimbursement (Johnson, 2001, para.21). The signs are there. We just need to be watching for them and always keeping abreast of the situation. Discussion So now that we have some ideas about what OB studies can provide for us the next question is why do we NEED to investigate it further? Is it of that vital importance that we should alter the way we have been doing things for so long? Procedures have worked in the past why won’t they work in the future? I think it is important to say that just because something has worked in the past does not guarantee you success in the future. As the research above shows, the top companies are adapting and doing what it takes to gain an edge. It is working for them. You may stay in business doing what you have always done, you may even have a modicum of success, but wouldn’t it be nice to be able to get the most out of your business? Let your business maximize its potential. Conclusion It was once said that a good company researches what it is selling and is always learning. Why should we treat our employees any differently than we do our product or our target consumers? Employees tell us what we need to know. We just need to listen and be able to interpret the results. We need to become proactive and not reactive in the future. The study of OB is vehicle we can use to interpret what we learn from individuals. The method is there. Why not use it to instigate change in our organizations? The results of our studies will become more and more useful as time goes on. We  are always changing, learning and adapting to different situations. OB will allow our organizations to change right along with the people that make it up. Works Cited Cohen, A. (2002). Survey says workers want balance. Sales and Marketing Management, 154(9), 13. Retrieved December 9, 2002 from EBSC Ohost database. Johnson, D. (2001). Climate control. Industrial Safety and Hygiene News, 35(9), 1-4. Retrieved December 9, 2002 from EBSC Ohost database. Robbins, S.P. (2001). Organizational behavior (Custom electronic text, University of Phoenix). Boston: Pearson Custom Publishing.

Educational Measurement and Evaluation Essay

Educational evaluation started off as a branch of psychology in the late 50s, as a result of curriculum innovations. It was then referred to as Educational Measurement, Measurement and Evaluation or Test and Measurement. Within the last few decades, educational evaluation has grown into a separate, independent discipline, though with some leanings on the ideas of psychologists, psychometricians and statisticians. Efforts of educational evaluators have been directed specifically towards using precision, objectivity and mathematical vigour of psychological measurement in ways directly related to educational institutions, educational processes and purposes. Educational evaluation involves the systematic assessment of educational activities. Objects of evaluation include instructional programs, school initiatives and education goals. The growth in federal funding for education and policy-makers’ increased calls for school accountability have contributed to the growth of educational evaluation. Many large school districts have personnel responsible for evaluation activities. Definitions of Educational Evaluation Various ideas and definitions of educational evaluation are given by different people/researchers. According to Tuckman (1975) evaluation is a process wherein the parts, processes, or outcomes of a programme are examined to see whether they are satisfactory, particularly with reference to the stated objectives of the programme, our own expectations, or our own standards of excellence. According to Cronbach et al (1980) evaluation means the systematic examination of events occurring in and consequent on a contemporary programme. It is an examination conducted to assist in improving this programme and other programmes having the same general purpose. For Thorpe (1993) evaluation is the collection analysis and interpretation of information about training as part of a recognized process of judging its effectiveness, its efficiency and any other outcomes it may have. Measurement This is a broad term that refers to the systematic determination of outcomes or characteristics by means of some sort of assessment device. It is a systematic process of obtaining the quantified degree to which a trait or an attribute is present in an individual or object. In other words it is a systematic assignment of numerical values or figures to a trait or an attribute in a person or object. For instance what is the height of Uche? What is the weight of the meat? What is the length of the classroom? In education, the numerical value of scholastics ability, aptitude, achievement etc can be measured and obtained using instruments such as paper and pencil test. It means that the values of the attribute are translated into numbers by measurement. Principles of Educational Evaluation There are important factors to note which can serve as guides to educational evaluators in seeing to the effective planning and implementation of educational programmes, to yield the desired positive results. The classroom teacher or evaluator should always be perfectly clear in bis mind about what he is aiming to achieve i.e. what to evaluate and how to evaluate. Evaluation of educational programmes should be comprehensive i.e. assess pupils’ progress in all areas. Educational evaluation, apart from testing knowledge (Memorization), should also bring about pupils originality and use of ideas, and their ability to think and apply the knowledge and skills already learnt. It is noted here that evaluation as an integral part of the instructional process involves three steps. These are i. Identifying and defining the intended outcomes. ii. Constructing or selecting tests and other evaluation tools relevant to the specified outcomes, and iii. Using the evaluation results to improve learning and teaching. More so, evaluation is a continuous process. It is essential in all fields of teaching and learning activity where judgment needs to be made. All evaluation devices/instruments should be valid and reliable. They are valid when they measure what they aim to measure, and they are reliable when they produce consistent results over time. The teacher as an evaluator should be impartial as much as possible. He should try to avoid personal prejudices. All evaluation instruments should take into account the practical problems of administering and marking of the responses i.e. the instruments should be convenient to administer and clear to the pupils. The pupils’ responses should be easy to mark. Educational evaluation should be well planned in advance and should be carried out continuously, periodically and at least each term. Innovations Brought About in the Evaluation Technique of the Nigerian Educational System There are some faults that can be identified in the evaluation techniques used before, which through the efforts of the educational evaluators, have been corrected or perfected. The evaluation technique used before was the one-shot or final, end-of-term or year or session examination. This technique had served as a great ‘threat’ to the students, resulting in students’ cheating, memorizing notes and carrying out premature search for question papers in a bid to pass. Students who passed the end of the year examination through memorization are tagged brilliant while those who failed either as a result of initial problems or due to lack of proper guide are regarded as being dull. Efforts have greatly been made to see that students’ progress in school which has been neglected before is adequately monitored. The problems of the student in specific intellectual task which are not detected until late before are now easily detected. The one shot end-of-term examination technique which has been given undue publicity in schools, leading to tension in the students, have been greatly de-emphasized due to progressive monitoring of students’ achievement, during the term or session and the introduction of continuous assessment method. Great efforts are now been made by evaluators to de-emphasize consideration tor certificate only in job placement but to consider also the skill and interest of individuals in the job. In the previous evaluation technique used, the students’ assessment is usually not conducted in a systematic way. Assignments given to students are not always marked or graded. Students are given class test to keep them busy when the teacher is not around or when the lesson is not prepared for. The introduction of continuous assessment in all schools has had a tremendous impact in the gradual if not total elimination of these lapses. The use of diagnostic evaluation in determining the entry level or educational background of the pupils has helped considerably in checking various problems associated with mass admission of students. Previously, undue emphasis had been given to the cognitive achievement of the students at the expense of the affective and psychomotor domains. Now intensive efforts are in progress to evaluate the students in both. The educational evaluators are making tireless efforts to see to the complete eradication of all problems hi students’ assessment that can lead to examination malpractices. The Purpose of Measurement and Evaluation The main purposes of measurement and evaluation are: i. Placement of student, which involves bringing students appropriately in the learning sequence and classification or streaming of students according to ability or subjects. ii. Selecting the students for courses – general, professional, technical, commercial etc. iii. Certification: This helps to certify that a student has achieved a particular level of performance. iv. Stimulating learning: this can be motivation of the student or teacher, providing feedback, suggesting suitable practice etc. v. Improving teaching: by helping to review the effectiveness of teaching arrangements. vi. For research purposes. vii. For guidance and counseling services. viii. For modification of the curriculum purposes. ix. For the purpose of selecting students for employment x. For modification of teaching methods. xi. For the purposes of promotions to the student. xii. For reporting students progress to their parents. xiii. For the awards of scholarship and merit awards. xiv. For the admission of students into educational institutions. xv. For the maintenance of students. Educational evaluation provides adequate and effective feedback on students’ achievement not only in the cognitive area, but also hi the areas of interest and manipulative skill. It provides feed-back from students to the teacher about the effect of the teacher’s teaching method. It also provides feedback from the teachers to the parents about their ward’s performance. It provides feed-back from school administrators to the policy makers to determine the success of the programme. Continual educational evaluation provides valuable information about the pupils’ progress and comparison with other pupils in the class. Adequate educational evaluation also acts as an incentive to pupils’ studies. The test, examination and evaluation devices stimulate pupils’ interest and enable them to make, greater efforts. Without the use of evaluation devices, most pupils will not take their learning seriously. The use of such evaluation devices as observational techniques, assignments, continuous assessment and projects prevents one-short examinations which can lead to excessive memorization, cramming, unhealthy competition, and the complete neglect of other non-measurable aims of education. Educational evaluation provides pupils record of attainment which can be used for selection for further education, for placement into class or job, and for guidance and counselling purposes. Evaluation of pupils’ progress provides a valuable source material for educational research. Data on pupils’ achievements can help research workers and teachers to identify important educational problems in schools and provide solutions which will help in the improvement of the quality of education. Role of Agencies of Evaluation In Educational Development. Some of the agencies of educational evaluation in Nigeria are: West African Examination Council (WAEC), National Teachers Institute (NTI), National Business and Technical Examinations Board (NABTEM), Joint Admission and Matriculation Board (JAMB), Colleges of Education, Technical Colleges, Polytechnics and Universities. The government, through the Nigerian Educational Research Council (NERC) reforms the national educational policy and objectives, with the aim of designing new curricula for the various levels of the educational system. The West African Examination Council controls all forms of educational development and evaluation of the school certificate or general certificate ordinary and advance levels. WAEC is the curriculum planner, developer and evaluator. The teachers are the implementors. WAEC designs the syllabus for the various subjects offered at various levels of secondary education each year. It is on the syllabus that the teachers based their scheme of work, their specific objectives and their lesson plans. At the end of duration of the course WAEC organizes assessment examinations for school certificate and general certificate (OIL & A/L). It prepares a general time-table, appoint supervisors for the conduct of the examinations, and appoint experienced markers to mark the answer scripts, collate the marks, carry out the analysis of the results to determine the grade to which each student’s mark falls, In Nigeria, the WAEC result is the standard eligibility result, qualifying each candidate for further studies or for job selection and placement. National Teachers Institute: Â  Carries out similar functions as WAEC but is concerned with Teachers Grade II certificate only. Recently it has got involved in the Nigerian Certificate in Education (NCE) Sandwich programme. National Business and Technical Examination Board (NABTEM): The board conducts, assesses and controls all forms of examinations involving technical colleges and institutes of education throughout the nation. It has its headquarters in Benin. The function of the board is similar to that of WAEC. In addition to basic sciences, they also examine all subjects in technical education, social studies and English language. The result obtained here can be used for further studies or job placements. Joint Admission and Matriculation Board (JAMB): It represents the transitional agency from the secondary to the tertiary institutions such as the colleges of Education, Polytechnics and Universities. Its role is to set common entrance examination questions in all subjects, for all candidates seeking admission into higher institutions. Candidates with good passes in advance level papers or NCE are offered direct admission to the Universities of their choice. Conclusion and Recommendations In general, those practitioners in the educational system are most of the times interested in ascertaining the outputs of the educational programme. Output is counted in terms of test results which are naturally expressed in quantitative indices such as scores or marks. Test, which is a device, an instrument or a tool consisting of a set of tasks or questions, is used to obtain the results. Test can be in the form of pen and paper examination, assignments, practical etc. The process of administering this test is called testing. But an act of measurement is done when we award marks to an answer paper or assignment. So measurement gives the individual’s ability in numerical indices of scores i.e. measurement is quantitative. Assessment can be seen as the engine that drives and shapes learning, rather than simply an end of term examination that grades and reports performance. Evaluation is expressed in qualitative indices such as good, excellent pass or fail. Value judgment is therefore attached to the measurement. Evaluation can be placement, formative, diagnostic or summative REFERENCES Cronbach, L. J. (1960); Essentials of psychological testing (2nd edition), New York: Harper. Obimba, F.U. (1989); Fundamental of Measurement and Evaluation in Education and Psychology. Owerri, Totan Pub. Ltd. Paul, L. D. (1976); Handbook of Academic Evaluation. New York: McGraw-Hill. Ohuche, R.O. and Akeju, S.A. (1977); Testing and Evaluation in Education. Lagos: African Educational Resources (AER) STRAIDE Handbook (2002); Assessment and Evaluation in Distance Education. New Delhi: A Publication of Indira Gandhi National Open University (IGNOU). Tuchman, B.W. (1975); Measuring Educational Outcomes Fundamental of Testing. Atlanta: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich inc.

Tuesday, July 30, 2019

Principles of Auditing

A company has not followed generally accepted accounting principles In the recording of its leases. 7 2. A company has not followed generally accepted accounting principles In the recording of its leases. The amounts involved are immaterial. 1 3. A company valued its inventory at current replacement cost. While the auditor believes that the inventory costs do approximate replacement costs, these costs do not approximate any GAAP inventory valuation method. 7 4.A client changed Its depreciation method for production equipment from the traight-line method to the units-of-production method based on hours of utilization. The auditor concurs with the change. 2 5. A client changed its depreciation method for production equipment from the straight-line to a units-of-production method based on hours of utilization. The auditor does not concur with the change. 7 6. A client changed the depreciable life of certain assets from 10 years to 12 years.The auditor concurs with the change. 3 7. A cli ent changed the depreciable life of certain assets from 10 years to 12 years. The auditor does not concur with the change. Confined to fixed assets and ccumulated depreciation, the misstatements involved are not considered pervasive. 3 8. A client changed from the method it uses to calculate postemployment benefits from one acceptable method to another one. The effect of the change Is Immaterial this year, but is expected to be material in the future. 1 9.A client changed the salvage value of certain assets from 5 percent to 10 percent of original cost. The auditor concurs with the change. 1 10, A client uses the specific identification method of accounting for valuable Items in inventory, and LIFO for less valuable items. The auditor concurs that this is a reasonable practice. 1 tOf3 has substantial doubt about an entity's ability to continue as a going concern for a reasonable period of time. The notes to the financial statements adequately disclose the situation. 12. Due to recur ring operating losses and working capital deficiencies, an auditor reasonable period of time. The notes to the financial statements do not adequately disclose the substantial doubt situation, and the auditor believes the omission fundamentally affects the users' understanding of the financial statements. 4 13. An auditor reporting on group financial statements decides to take responsibility for the work of a component auditor who audited a 70 percent owned subsidiary and issued an unmodified opinion.The total assets and revenues of the subsidiary are 5 percent and 8 percent, respectively, of the total assets and revenues of the entity being audited. 1 14. An auditor reporting on group financial statements decides not to take responsibility for the work of a component auditor who audited a 70 percent owned subsidiary and issued an unqualified opinion. The total assets and revenues of the ubsidiary are 5 percent and 8 percent, respectively, of the total assets and revenues of the enti ty being audited. 10 15.An auditor was hired after year-end and was unable to observe the counting of the year-end inventory. She is unable to apply other procedures to determine whether ending inventory and related information are properly stated. 8 16. An auditor was hired after year-end and was unable to observe the counting of the year-end inventory. However, she was able to apply other procedures and determined that ending inventory and related information are properly stated. 1 17. An auditor discovered that a client made illegal political payoffs toa candidate for president of the United States.The auditor was unable to determine that amounts associated with the payoffs because of the client's inadequate record- retention policies. The client has added a note to the financial statements to describe the illegal payments and has stated that the amounts of the payments are not determinable. 1 18. An auditor discovered that a client made illegal political payoffs toa candidate re tention policies, although there is no likelihood that the financial statements are ervasively misstated, they may be materially misstated.The client refuses to disclose the payoffs in a note to the financial statements. 3 19. In auditing the long-term investments account of a new client, an auditor finds that a large contingent liability exists that is material to the consolidated company. It is probable that this contingent liability will be resolved with a material loss in the future, but the amount is not estimable. Although no adjusting entry has been made, the client has provided a note to the financial statements that describes the matter in etail. 1 20.In auditing the long-term investments account ofa new client, an auditor finds future, and this amount is reasonably estimable as $2,000,000. Although no adjusting entry has been made, the client has provided a note to the financial statements that describes the matter in detail and includes the $2,000,000 estimate in that not e. 7 21. A client is issuing two years of comparative financial statements. The first year was audited by another auditor who is not being asked to reissue her audit report. (Reply as to the successor auditor's report.

Monday, July 29, 2019

Comparison of Quality Philosophies Research Paper - 1

Comparison of Quality Philosophies - Research Paper Example Quality involves meeting or exceeding customers’ expectations in products and provision of services. Generally, quality management is the process of directing the whole production process towards producing excellent and quality products and services that meet or exceed customers’ expectations. There are various quality philosophies that have been developed by various individuals and institutions (Hoyer and Hoyer, 2001). This focus paper will compare the quality philosophies of W. Edwards Deming, Joseph Moses Juran, Philip Bayard Crosby, and the Project Management Institute. Edwards Deming Philosophy Edwards Deming philosophy on quality asserted that quality is a process that uses statistical control techniques and that managers should intervene in the production process towards achieving the desired quality. His philosophy holds that quality should go beyond statistical quality control and that building quality of a product should be done at all stages. Apart from the r ole of management in promoting quality, Deming emphasized on the role of workers in improving quality by stating that workers should be proud and satisfied in order to meet the desired quality. ... Joseph Juran, his is considered as a total departure from Deming’s; Deming’s approach emphasizes on adopting new philosophy and throwing out the old system, but Juran’s approach emphasizes on working to improve the current system. Juran’s quality philosophy expressed the need to concentrate more on the â€Å"vital few† problems’ sources rather than be distracted by problems that are less important (Ross and Perry, 1999). In regard to approach to quality, performance standard, and quality measurement, Juran developed a trilogy that involves: quality improvement through infrastructure development and implementation of projects; quality control through performance assessment; and quality planning through determination of customer needs. He believed that management had a bigger role in quality compared to workers and that technical and management methods were more important than worker satisfaction (Mouradian, 2002). Philip Crosby Philosophy Qual ity philosophy of Philip Crosby emphasized that quality that meets customer requirements focuses more on prevention rather than correction. He believed that poor quality costs nearly 20 percent of the revenue; a cost that could be avoided if good quality practices is used. Crosby established the Absolutes of Quality Management which includes the only performance standard which makes sense are Zero Defects (Rose, 2005). His approach to quality and quality measurement involved defining quality as conformance to requirements, not goodness. His philosophy also states that prevention rather than appraisal as a system to achieve quality. The measure of quality according to this philosophy is the price of non-conformance, and not indexes. He acknowledged that both the management and workers have a role to play in improving

Sunday, July 28, 2019

Compare and contrast snow crash to the matrix Essay

Compare and contrast snow crash to the matrix - Essay Example Bob Rife’s virus from spreading, Neo in the Matrix movie does the same but his fight is directed to machines. Hiro’s fight is simple as compared to the task that Neo engages into. The Matrix movie spreads a darker picture as compared to Snow Crash because of the heroic acts that Neo has to engage into to achieve justice. This paper will compare and contrast the Snow Crash novel and The Matrix Movie. As stated above, the two works present dystopian perspectives into the future where the societies in the two works are grappling with certain problems. The two societies face problems that must be urgently solved so that people can lead happy lives. The struggles can be seen in the main actors’ engagements trying to solve these issues. However, the problems are not entirely the same as in the Snow Crash, Hiro fights against the spread of the virus while in the Matrix, Neo fights with machines. Clearly, this puts The Matrix on the higher edge in terms of the magnitude of the problem. In the movie, The Matrix (1999), the audience has been put in a future dystopian society, where human beings are living a somewhat normal life but again different because they are enslaved and are used as powering gadgets for their rulers electrical requirements. They have been imprisoned and are misused to power the sentient machines. The problem arises from the fact that the sentient machines rebel against the human population because the stormy clouds blocked the sun, which acted as their main source of power. Therefore, for them to survive they have to get power from the human body heat and this is what Neo fights vehemently. Human beings are forcibly put in pods, from where the thermal energy and bioelectricity are taken out of the human beings for use by the machines. The machines also use control the minds of the human beings using cybernetic implants. This is clear in Neo’s statement where he says, â€Å"I don't like the idea that I'm not in control o f my life† (Wachowski and Wachowski). This misuse of the human beings links them to a simulated reality known as the Matrix and is what Neo tries so hard to fight against. This heroic act is like fighting against a ruler or something superior by many standards. This virtual reality world, simulated by the program characterizes the civilized world that has enslaved the minds of human beings, but cannot comprehend this. This is clearly seen when Morpheus says, â€Å"If real is what you can feel, smell, taste and see, then 'real' is simply electrical signals interpreted by your brain† (Wachowski and Wachowski). Stevenson’s depiction of the future in unpleasant but is not forsaken as people like the one Morpheus and Neo are determined to destroy the entire ruling class having attained enlightenment. For example, Morpheus says, â€Å"I'm trying to free your mind, Neo. But I can only show you the door. You're the one that has to walk through it† (Wachowski and W achowski). Despite the fact that there is similar injustices in Snow Crash where bleak institutions have replaced the democratic ones, the injustice is not similar because the human beings show the ability to adapt to the changes. In his work, Snow Crash, Neal Stephenson, portrays a similar dystopian that is present in The Matrix. Just like in the movie, where the existence of the machines upsets human beings, the existence of the lethal drug known as the Snow Crash makes life unbearable because of the dependence and makes Hiro, the protagonist determined to des

Saturday, July 27, 2019

Information Management Strategy Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Information Management Strategy - Case Study Example Hicks (1986) states that as the world moves from the days of disparate societies to the days of integration and awareness, the need for having reliable, authentic, and verifiable means of information increases. This results from the fact that managers need processed information for taking better decisions on a routine basis, and this processed information is the output of various processes that are conducted on the initially presented and collected raw data. This raw data constitutes the information collected from various sources within the organization or from external sources, and thus the sources of information gain ultimate importance, no matter which organization it is. Subsequently, the importance of not just information but the information sources as well cannot be denied. The information sources may include, but are not restricted to, employees, stakeholders, shareholders, newspapers, industry analysis, independent news sources, media, competitor publications, etc. Data manag ement is a critical subject of concern today for management, because the reliance on availability of accurate, verifiable and timely data cannot be denied by any means. The organization under consideration in this assignment is my own organization i.e. where I work. The major operation in my organization is based on customer communication, where our source of revenue is the printing of statements, cheques, mailing, customer response, and we are also indulged in develop IT solutions for various customers that we have. The aim of our organization is to provide this wide variety of services to our wide clientele. 1.3 Information Needs of the Organization - what information is needed The focus of this assignment is mainly towards the human resource department that is facing loads of troubles as far as data gathering through various sources is concerned. Seemingly, it looks like human resource department would not require loads of data or the data resource would be fairly restricted, but neither is the case. This section details the need for data in the human resource department, while the next section sheds light on the various data resources. It is noticeable here that the term data and information would be used interchangeably, though in reality, data is the raw form of information, and information is processed data. Human resources are defined as the truest source for attaining competitive edge for an organization. Therefore, there has been tons of weightage given to subjects like management and organizational behavior, similar to the weigh given to finance and marketing, if not more or less. A major part of keeping the human resource satisfied and contented is giving them appropriate compensation, with the right and justifiable deductions. For this fact to stand true, i.e. the right compensation with proper deductions, there is need for information pertinent to attendance, ins and outs, movement of employees, late comings, proper utilization of time, presence in the right area, avoiding irrelevant movements across the firm's building, and so on. All this information needs to be gathered at the end that generates pay-slips and payments i.e. the payroll department. 1.4 Information Resources After having described the need of information for

Friday, July 26, 2019

Federal Systems and European Union Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Federal Systems and European Union - Essay Example Defining federalism, Auer (2005) states that federalism consists of a specific combination of autonomy or self rule, superposition or limited rule and participation or shared rule so that two independent levels of government could coexist and work simultaneously for the citizens1. Thus autonomy, limited rule and shared rule in which centralized governance is importance could all be important features of federalism. Distribution of powers between political units, defining these constituent units and providing a scheme or approach towards resolution of conflicts are some of the functions of federal constitutions. Auer argues that EU performs all these functions and could be considered in legal terms as having a multinational federal type of system. As the EU is primarily focused in bringing out a balance of power between European nations albeit through a centralized EU control network, the system of governance and politics is highly federal or at least meant to be so2. However we may a sk whether the plan or blueprint of having an EU federal system has really worked and whether EU federalism is a reality in any way or simply a theoretical term. These are issues that have to be understood on the basis of political, social and economic factors and changes within the EU. The subject of federalism is important in the context of the Eur... Nicholson explored the routes to a united Europe and world government advocating federal union and functionalism. Drinkwater suggests that Nicholson gave a new meaning to idealism and realism through his liberal realism and used a new approach to solve sociopolitical problems. Thus liberal realism could be considered as a way towards federalism as the need to find peace and banish war would be in the spirit of working together in a centralized unified manner and federalism in the European Union would be especially important to bring peace and cooperation in the region3. The value of federalism thus relates to large longer term political agendas of peace and unification and not just short term social goals of having trust among members or improving the structure of power sharing between nations. Elaborating on issues of trust and accountability, Follesdal (2005) suggest that the Constitutional Treaty for Europe or CTE has helped in strengthening the federalism of European political order, especially for the future and multiple forms of balancing and changes in the CTE have actually helped in improvements of the political scenario within Europe. The treaty of Europe is thus geared towards creating a European political order that would have federal features to enhance trust aspects among European citizens4. Thus the true advantage of such a treaty would be to increase the trust factor among Europeans by creating a more congenial political order. With the increased federal features and emphasis on federalism in the new political order, the central changes are related to increased emphasis on human rights, issues related to national and European parliament and political parties and seeking greater transparency of operations within

Thursday, July 25, 2019

Complex Project Management of Effective Project Management Assignment

Complex Project Management of Effective Project Management - Assignment Example The second main step of approaching complex projects is deeper and involves those projects whose main goal cannot be clearly defined, mainly referred to as the extreme projects. Such a goal is desired although it may not be possible to attain it. As a result of the increasing dynamic conditions in the contemporary project management, it is important for project management and stakeholders to make good choices of the best fit between problem-solution models and the final achievements of the project goals and objectives. Contemporary projects are becoming more uncertain, and with such increasing uncertainty come increased risk and complexity. Such uncertainty is due to changing market conditions that lead to high-change and high-speed responses in order to produce solutions that lead to more competitive advantage. On the other hand, complexity occurs due to a solution that eludes detection and thus, challenging to find, which may impose difficulties to the project manager to develop appropriate responses (Wysocki, 2014). The aspects of uncertainty and complexity are directly and positively correlated and thus, risk increases with increasing uncertainty and complexity. It is in this regard that as projects turn out to be more complex, they are dominated by higher levels of uncertainty. Such increase in project complexity leads to changes in different aspects of the project. Project requirements are a major factor to change due to increasing complexity. As complexity increases in a project, the chance of coming up with the complete definition of its requirements diminishes. At other fundamental levels, the project scope may become complex at later stages, which may raise the need for more requirements. In addition, as the complexity of the project increases, the need for flexibility in the main processes involved also increases. It is through increasing complexity that the need for project stakeholders

Best Practices Position Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Best Practices Position Paper - Essay Example The way organizational culture changes in the wake of the adoption of the best practices is one significant aspect that comes under serious reckoning. It raises eyebrows since the company has an automatic shift within its work methodologies and it wants to emulate the best amongst the business. This imitation is not for the sake of copying workflow by workflow but to attain higher levels within the management regimes when the talk goes out loud regarding the organizational cultural domains. This means that the way employees dress up, do their chores and interact with the clients and customers is in direct proportion with the ways the best practices have been doing for a considerable period of time. (Taylor & Labarre, 2006) Also there is a great deal of check and balance mechanism being conducted so that the mistakes could be avoided and if the same are committed in essence, efforts are made to re-do them in the correct way. The best practices lead to the benchmarks that already exist within the related industries and are indeed deemed as the very best amongst their concerned areas of service. It is necessary for the best practice human resource management to have performance management systems in place before any advancement could be envisaged at some point in time within the future. Once these performance management systems are installed and in place, we can have a proper check and balance mechanism as concerns to the people who are working in the company. Performance management systems make use of the fact that performance is increased on the part of all concerned and there is no shortfall as concerns to commitment, dedication and devotion when at work. What this performance management system does is to ensure that the right people get the bonuses, incentives and so on as well as point out the ones who have fallen short on the company’s expectations over a period of time. This would help in giving them rewards and incentives which will

Wednesday, July 24, 2019

Protection of Private Information Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Protection of Private Information - Essay Example A stricter law sometimes paved way for hindrance for multinational companies that operated in European Union countries but in the broader sense all member nations could exchange private information in the private and public segment (Data Protection and Privacy. n.d). The European Union authorities have signed a pact with United States that enables officials in the United States to have a wide access to private information like credit card transactions, travel histories and internet surfing nature of people in Britain. The United States law enforcement organisations and security agencies will have the liberty to access private information of European Union citizens. The pact will undermine the privacy of individuals and American will have the freedom to check on anyone it finds fit for scrutiny. The propaganda has evoked mixed results among authorities within the European Union and some comment that local official are not to be trusted while handling sensitive private information and the revelation of this data to another nation may result in virtual abuse. The pact is of advantage to the United States because it can intrude into the details of any person in the European Union and Britain through credit card companies, banks and other establishme nts that collect person details. Earlier, the European Union imposed sanction if any firm gave information against the information protection law. The pact will now give better protection for firm on transfer of private information. The pact is set to allow European governments and firms to exchange private details of internet and credit card users and make it legally binding on both the United States and European Union. However, required law has not been drafted whereby European Union citizens can hold the American government liable for misuse of information. The pact calls for exchange of information about airlines and international bank transfers. Though this is not a total transfer of information between European Union nations and the United States, the pact provides extensive access of private information which is considered to be protected according to the European Union law (Leppard, 2008). The decision has come up after difference of opinion evolved between Europe and United States in terms of sharing private information post the 9/11 attacks. The United States demanded information about air passenger and bank transfer details which most of the European Union nations denied stating privacy laws. The common agreement is finalized to evade future problems in terms of information sharing. But from the corporate point of view, more companies will be in a dilemma to find a balance between European and American law (U.S., EU near deal on private data: NYTimes. 2008). New Zealand has amended the Privacy Act 1993 in December 2000 to secure a revelation by the European Commission that New Zealand's privacy protection policy is adequate according to Article 25 of Data Protection Directive of the European Union. The amendment was passed when New Zealand's Privacy Act is applauded as the most detailed national privacy policy maintained outside the European continent. The Act specifies twelve data privacy principles with respect to collection, disclosure, use and storage of private information. The law is applicable to personal data in all kinds and it is applicable to all agencies in the private and public segment. The law has a separate rule for unique identifiers and the government's

Tuesday, July 23, 2019

Lawyers Working With Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Lawyers Working With Business - Essay Example to consideration include the identity of the business, which should have distinguishable factors in the market place such as trademarks and service marks. It is also essential to protect the identity of the business by registering the trademarks and service marks. Experience is also a decisive factor as it shows the viability of the business concept as well as provides credibility among the franchises. Profitability is also essential as the main goal in business is to make money profitable businesses are, therefore, attractive. Furthermore, the franchisee requires to submit royalties to the parent company based on the revenue. It is essential to, therefore, to ensure that the franchisee is capable of running a sound business in order for the parent company to benefit. Business plans as well as marketing plans are essential components in this process as they ensure that the prospective franchise businesses have an operational framework.2 Other factors that are essential in setting up franchise include the training necessary for the franchises. Significant amount of training in necessary in these instances so that the franchises operate on the same standard as the parent company and training plays a crucial role in this respect. The concept of franchising faces some drawbacks that must be put into consideration by any business contemplating the concept of franchising. These drawbacks include the reduced amount of control over the franchise in terms of products and services which may subsequently lead to a variety of quality across stores. The potential of earning revenue also reduces as the parent company entitlement is only a portion of the revenue from the franchisee. It is, however, noteworthy that there is a higher potential for growth and success of franchising... This paper stresses that leasing eases the budgeting process of the company as the lease payments fixed initially and forecasting the cash and budgeting requirement becomes easier. The lease cost can be incorporated into the business budgets more easily due to the regular occurrence and allows a better control into the business cash flow. Seasonal or skip payments can be arranged in this scenario to reduce the time and financial constraints. Leases also facilitate tax benefits as it establishes flexibility in gaining tax benefits from various situations, therefore, facilitating a reduced cost in the equipment. Leases usually considered as operating costs and often deducted from the taxable profits of the business. When properly structured, a lease agreement allows for tax benefits passed on to the Lessee due to competitive rates and lower fees. This report makes a conclusion that that leasing provides an out of the balance sheet financing where the business obligations to pay the lease in not included in the balance sheet. This obligation, which is a liability to the business, does not reflect on the balance sheet and affects the solvency of the business as the liability of the equipment not included. Because this lease liability does not reflect in the business balance sheet, the measure of financial leverage according to the balance sheet improves. The ratio of total l liabilities to equity improves, therefore, resulting in better credit ratings and ultimately low interest rates on finances towards the business.

Monday, July 22, 2019

How to Promote Service Users Rights and Responsibilities Essay Example for Free

How to Promote Service Users Rights and Responsibilities Essay Responsibilities In care settings the term quality practice is used to describe the promotion of service users` rights, which are essentially the same rights that are afforded to everyone else, such as the right to marry and freedom of expression; Care workers must actively promote the rights of service users in order to maintain quality practice. One of the toughest things is to balance out rights and responsibilities. It means taking ownership not only of your stuff, but also keeping an eye out for the other people as well. For example, being responsible around the Queensland for the service users may mean cleaning up after your mess and taking care of your belongings, but it also means having consideration for others, keeping the group areas of Queensland in reasonable condition, etc. The responsibility extends beyond yourself, but to others in your environment as well. The service users are normally taught about rights early on as well. Rights are what service users are or should be entitled like confidentiality is their right. Service users are entitled to make everyday choices, such as what food they wish to eat, what time they go to bed and get up, and what activities they wish to join. Encouraging service users to make choices is all about promoting independence, which at times may involve some level of risk (such as if service users want to go out shopping etc). It would be the care workers responsibility to assess (in collaboration with the service user) whether the amount of risk attached to certain activities is acceptable or not. Service users have the right to take risks, but the careers involved have a responsibility to ensure the safety of the service user. This is how in situations rights and responsibilities in Queensland are balanced: If there are seven disable service users, and they all need a wheelchair for going out, and sometimes Queensland have a day out, now there is tension arisen here as not all of the disable service users would be allowed to go spend their day out, the solution for this problem would be that some of he disable service users have to stay behind and go the next day, and it would be care worker. To make choices In decision-making, Choice of activities and events in daily life in relation to the Services received. This standard is intended to ensure the service provider implements Policies and practices that: †¢ provide opportunities for service users to make informed decisions and choices on a day-to-day basis according to their individual Needs †¢ incorporate flexible service delivery options, which reflect the ever-changing Needs and choices of service users. †¢ Aim at a balance between the principles of duty of care and least Restrictive alternatives that don’t unduly limit the ability of service Users to make decisions or take responsibility for their actions †¢ facilitate access to other support required by service users to adequately represent their needs, views, interests, choice and right. To confidentiality This standard is intended to ensure the service provider implements policies and practices that: †¢ comply with the privacy principles contained within relevant legislation †¢ ensure that service users are treated with dignity and respect in all aspects of their lives †¢ maintain the confidentiality of all personal information relating to service users. To protect Right to protect quality care in care setting which involves in providing protection. This helps to apply protection of: Service users, e.g. they need to keep them save. Service user’s property e.g. by preventing theft. Care workers, e.g. by keeping them and their property in safe hands. Owners and managers of health, social care and early year’s settings are responsible for making sure that those within their care are protected from harm. This means that many care settings have installed security pads on all entrances and exists. To gain access to the care settings either a confidential number must be keyed in or the door bell has to be used to summon help. In this way no unwanted visitors can access the building. Protection also means that making sure that service users are not abused. Service users are often unable to protect themselves and are at the mercy of those who care for them. It would be quite easy for a care worker to become angry or frustrated with a service user, particularly if they had a lot to do and the service user was displayed challenging behaviour.

Sunday, July 21, 2019

Established Brand In Highly Competitive Indian Market Marketing Essay

Established Brand In Highly Competitive Indian Market Marketing Essay As there are other strong players like Britannia, HUL, Knorr etc. in the market for branded packaged food, it is imperative for ITC to implement sustainable marketing and operations strategies to gain a competitive advantage and rapidly grow its business share. In order to attract new customers and to retain existing ones a new plan is proposed for ITCs Sunfeast to launch brown bread, as growing health concerns and WHO identifying the high level of sugar, salt and preservative found in biscuits as harmful might affect the brand in near future. The SOSTAC (Situation, Objectives, Strategy, Tactics, Action and Control) framework will be used to understand the companys marketing strategy. Differentiation in terms of product marketing can be useful for Sunfeast as it already has its presence in the FMCG market, a study of existing strategies of this brand in the FMCG market can help draft new marketing strategies for the future. Identifying the strengths of ITC in utilizing its already existing market for product marketing, distribution and also its operations strategies implemented to create brand positioning is important in formulating a new strategy, to achieve its goal of sustainable growth through increased revenues and higher profitability. Detailed understanding of the activities required for the successful implementation and their operationalisation for launching brown bread can be found in the Gantt chart. 2-Introduction As a marketing consultant, this report will aim to exhibit current marketing and operational strategy to implement a sustainable marketing and operations plan that enables Imperial Tobacco Company (ITC) brand of Sunfeast Biscuits to enhance value for its customer and in the process increase its revenue share and profitability The report will demonstrate the ability of Sunfeast to launch brown bread in fast moving consumer good market (FMCG) of India to generate sustainable revenue and value for both customer and the company, by suggesting meaningful changes to its current marketing and operational strategy. 2.1 Objectives Critical evaluation of the current and revised Marketing Strategies In detail, planning of one specific, and new, sustainable initiative, and its marketing/operationalising, to both current and new customers Provide detailed understanding of the activities required for the successful implementation and their operationalisation Justify how both Marketing and Operations must integrate strategically and drive this initiative for sustainable customer value. 3-Analysis The current situation Company Background Sunfeast biscuits ITCs brand in the FMCG segment in the branded and packaged food was initiated in July 2003 with an aim to capture the biscuits market and it has been successful in expanding its foray into a range of biscuits and bakery products. According to business standard (2009) the brand has been catering to all segments of the market with variations in its products to help differentiate itself from other brands like Britannia and Parle. Among the other range of products like tobacco, cigarettes, personal care and stationary, the company has is well diversed portfolio in branded food segment that include staple food, biscuits, snack food, ready-to-eat food and confectionery with over 170 different products under 6 brands. In 2005 Sunfeast diversified into food segment with Sunfeast yippee noodle and pasta to gain sustainable competitive advantage over its competitors like Maggie (Nestle),Knorr (Galaxo Smith Kline) Hindustan Unilever Limited (HUL), utilising a well established distribution channel that has been created by huge tobacco business. Sunfeasts key products are : Sunfeast Milky Magic ,Sunfeast Marie Light, Golden Bakery ,Dark Fantasy, Dream Cream, Snacky, sweet n salt, Nice ,Sunfeast Benne Vita Flaxseed Biscuits ,Sunfeast Special. (Sunfeast collection -source -itcprtal.com) 3.1.2 PEST ANALYSIS FOR SUNFEAST Political Rapid development programmes, facilitation of increased FDI. Larger centralized wholesale markets (Chengappa, 2011 p.1). Support for competitive markets. Tax relief for international firms, incentive to develop in India. Strong technological focus in order to present to the global economy, India as a technology hub. Greater liberalization in the markets (Market research, 2010 p.1). Economic Rising consumer spending in India, Indias income will triple over the next three decades (McKinsey Global, 2010 p.1). Fifth largest consumer market Predicted to be the second largest economy by 2050 in the BRICS study (Wilson and Purushothaman, 2003 p.19). Declining poverty Greater infrastructure developments, allowing for a greater output of goods. Shift from rural spending to the cities, predicted that by 2025 cities will have 62% of the countrys appending power. Rise in supermarkets. Social Desire for healthier produce. More globalized tastes influencing the range of food produce available. Greater product ranges, in line with consumer expectations for an increasing amount of variety. Increased affluence is re-shaping consumer desires. Focus on international brands and goods. Technological Advances in technology to improve production and operations management. Links with total quality management in which a focus is created on long=term relationships in order to improve production. Rapidly developing market, rate of change is fast and thus, technological improvements will result in a more innovative culture for the firm. Technology facilitates greater quality control. SWOT ANALYSIS FOR SUNFEAST Strengths ITC is one of the worlds most reputable companies Market capitalization to the value of $18 billion Diversified product portfolio, which results in a spreading of strategic risk. Sun Feast has a strong brand image, which connotes happiness and pleasure. Growth rate of 53%. Focus on experiential marketing in which, the emotional aspects of the brand are highlighted. Diversification within the product line, presence in all types of biscuits categories. Strong focus on healthy products, kid friendly goods, which mothers will purchase. This is in line with the changing social environment. Strong brand image and high levels of customer loyalty. Successful move into the savory market. Production of noodles and pasta. Key focus on operations management in order to ensure minimal waste and efficient production. In line with lean manufacturing. Inherent focus on marketing, customer focus and a need to be reactive and adaptive to change. Weaknesses The business continues to use its original trading name Imperial Tobacco Company this could result in negative connotations with the brand and it is difficult to find a link between tobacco and Sunfeast goods. Company is inherently dependent on its tobacco products, as such this accounts for 47% of the firms revenue. Thus, the company is likely to experience future criticism due to the health associations with smoking. Lack of focus on sustainability and corporate social responsibility this is an area which could differentiate the company in the future. Failure to treat staff as an intangible resource (Henry, 2007 p.32). Opportunities Further expansion into the savory market Differentiation strategies in order to gain a competitive advantage (Henry 2007 p.42). Future strategic vision in order to discern trends in the external environment. Internationalization of product range. Utilise innovative strategies in order to leverage sales. Long-term strategic vision to turn the company into Indias premier brand. Opportunity to increase market share Threats Increase in both domestic and international competition. Emerging consumer society could result in greater buyer power. Is being a diversified conglomerate the most beneficial strategy formation? Negative association with the parent company. 3.1.4 ANALYSIS OF SWOT AND PEST A review of the external environment facilitates an ability of the firm to discern trends, which, can then be translated into a strategic vision. To ignore the external environment is to be unfocused, and a in a market as rapidly developing as the food retail market, this could result in a decline in profits for the firm. From a resource-based view of strategy (Wernerfelt, 1997 p.6), it can be seen that ITC are able to utilise their strengths to respond to the market. For example: the company have a strong brand image, and it is this brand image, which has supported the development of the firms diversification strategies. The very move into the production of biscuits has been allowed due to high levels of customer loyalty and recognition that the brand represents quality. This will in the future facilitate the firms diversification into other markets, such as the launch of brown bread products. Finally, consideration must be given to the huge potential, which the domestic market hold s for Sunfeast. India is developing at a rapid rate, and as mentioned has gained increased attention due to the publication of the BRICs study, as such it is important for the firm to further establish themselves in their own domestic market, before tapping into the potential of international markets. Such advice is given due to an influx of international firms, who may produce a more competitive environment, which Sunfeast must be well equipped to respond to. 3.1.5 STP ANALYSIS OF SUNFEAST Segmentation is an adaptive strategy, and as such it consists of a separating of the market with the intention of selecting one or more market segments, which will facilitate the ability to match marketing mixes to specific market needs. Through such a strategy Sunfeast will be able to gain a competitive advantage, and this is something, which as noted by Porter (1998p. 231) has a powerful effect on competitive advantage because it shapes the configuration of the value chain. By understanding consumer needs, Sunfeast will be able to specifically meet their needs and expectations, and therefore, added value results. Thus, at present Sunfeast can be seen to carry out large amounts of market research. This is something, which provides the firm with an ability to position themselves in the market successfully. They are able to segment their consumers based on their needs, for example: families, affluent single consumers, elderly consumers, those with dietary requirements etc. As a result, Sunfeast have several ranges, and this has resulted in them developing their market share in a steady manner (current market share 10%). By focusing on the specific needs of the consumer, Sunfeast are able to provide higher value to their consumers. From an economic perspective, it can be seen that firms create monopolistic market conditions through the utilisation of various curves of demand for a specific product category (Ferstman and Muller, 1993). Thus, in line with Porters five forces model, it can be seen that specific market segmentation lowers competitive forces through the creation of submarkets, and a more focused marketing approach. With regards to positioning, Porter (1998 p.42) noted how a firm must either follow a strategy of cost leadership or differentiation. To follow both is to have an unfocused strategy, and thus it can be seen that ITC through their Sunfeast brand target the mass market through a strategy of cost leadership. By targeting the mass market the firm are able to target to the needs of a large group due to a variety of product lines. This in turn produces higher revenues and results in greater profits for the firm. CURRENT MARKETING AND OPERATIONAL STARTEGY OF SUNFEAST Establishing a new brand in highly competitive Indian biscuit market was not easy for Sunfeast, especially when its an unrelated diversified venture. In 2003, ITC forayed into this market; everybody doubted its ability to launch a successful brand in biscuit market. According to Business Standard (2008) ITCs ability to gain competitive advantage by utilising its competences like highly organised distribution channel and brand building capabilities has helped establish itself as a serious FMCG player. Economic times (2009) states that Sunfeast holds 9-11% share of this market. Careful brand building and heavy and innovative promotion has helped Sunfeast position itself as a dynamic and exiting brand. Being a convenience good, Biscuit industry requires constant innovation so that value can be provided and sustained for both customers and shareholders. Innovative products like orange marie and milk glucose biscuits aim to provide that extra value than can edge Sunfeast over its competitors. In 2003, Sunfeast was launched with innovative six varieties of biscuits. Primarily the product, which has been taken as a teatime snack, has encountered a wild transformation with new innovative flavors of Sunfeast. The core strategy of its products has been new taste, something fresh and 4 biscuits equal to 1 roti did wonders. The excellent promotion and advertising policy like Sunfeast Open and Hara Bano campaigns helped the product and created awareness among people. Market Share Breakdown  -The Indian biscuit industry is dominated by brands like Parle, Britannia and Sunfeast. The company set up and integrated food manufacturing facility in each region that gives them advantage when it comes to distribution and packaging. The company leverages its excellent distribution and supply chain management system that has made sourcing from farmers very easy, 4 lakh display rack is a by product of combining both its mark and operation network. ITCs Sunfeast packaged food has high quality and safety measures with its manufacturing units being accredited by third party for Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points (HACCP) standards. Also, ITC has RD centers with product-specific technology cells (PTCs) which cater to the business through market intelligence, product testing and Product Quality Rating System (PQRS) services, Prototyping services through advanced pilot plants, flavor and fragrance development services, periodic audit of factory quality systems and Product Knowledge and Training Workshops. It also collaborates with national and international RD institutions to continuously improve its RD facilities, key processes, products, services performance (www.itcportal.com) TV commercials along with print media are prominent in Sunfeasts advertisements. Celebrity endorsements, children, advertisements revolving around the theme of happiness with a smiling sun as logo, event sponsoring like The Sunfeast Tournament for Tennis, etc. are the promotional activities that the brand engages in (Angshu, 2009). ITC has been investing 35-40% of its turnover from the biscuits segment for advertising and promotion which amounts to about Rs 115-120 crore which is much higher than the 10% investment by leading player, Britannia (rediff.com, June 28, 2006). RECOGNIZED RISKS As mentioned, Sunfeast provides a large selection of different products in packaged food segment, in order to maintain its competitive positioning in the market Sunfeast is continuously increasing its product range. Hence there is a lot to pressure on its marketing department to be dynamic and proactive. New communication strategy is required to reach ever demanding and price wise Indian consumers. Therefore, company cannot rely on same marketing and operational strategies to stay competitive especially when huge global giants like Galaxo SmithKline (GSK) and United biscuits are ready to take on Indian market. Growing health concerns regarding effects of packaged food on kids has not helped the company as majority of the products are targeted towards kids. World health organization (WHO) has identified the high level of sugar, salt and preservative found in biscuits as harmful for kids. Therefore, company has to come up with products that are free from artificial stuff and at the same time is health option rather than just being a snack so that value can be added and sustained for its customers and shareholders in long run. PROPOSED MARKETING PLAN In order to minimize level of salt, sugar and preservative and yet improve value for the customers, Sunfeast can introduce brown bread which is rich in anti-oxidants like magnesium, iron, selenium etc. Brown bread rich fibre content acts as a bowel stimulant and prevents digestive problems and constipation. Brown bread has zero calories and it is very good for health. According to (hdfc.com) there are about 75000 bread manufacturers spread all over India including some of those operating from even residential premises. South India consumes 32 percent of the total bread produced in the country followed by north which consumes about 27per cent, west 23 per cent and east 18 per cent. The total bread production in the country is estimated to be 3.75 million tonnes annually growing at a rate of about 6 per cent. Sunfeast will need to have manufacturing units in all four regions to keep quality and freshness. The key driver that indicates vast scope for consideration of nutrient enriched brown bread is the encouraging trend among of population of lower and middle class to consume nutrient rich bakery products. According to a survey conducted by times of India (2010) bread consumption during breakfast is finding popularity among Indians, replacing traditional Chapattis. This initiative will help Sunfeast gain 2-4 % share in first year and in the year two can company will plan to target wholesale market by supplying Kfc and McDonald direct which will help generate extra revenue and contribute to grow overall revenue of Sunfeast by 4-6% in year three. Sunfeast has a core strategy of providing healthy products at basic price and our proposed plan is in line with overall business strategy. 3.2.1 SOSTAC FRAMEWORK The SOSTAC framework will be used to discuss the marketing strategy for Sunfeast brown bread. This framework helps evaluate the brands position in the market along with identifying ways or options of how to position it in the future (Smith, 2003). SOSTAC- a generic framework for e-marketing planning 3.2.1.1 SITUATION where are we now In order to analyse the current situation the TOWS matrix will be used as below: TOWS MATRIX FOR SUNFEAST External Opportunities: 1-Long-term trend of consumers purchasing healthier goods. 2- Expansion of diversified product ranges. The opportunity to use brand image to further the business portfolio of the group. 3- Increasing consumer spending, more affluent market. 4- Rise in supermarkets allowing for products to reach a greater mass market External Threats: 1- Global economic crisis causing a strain on consumer income. 2-Rise in social concerns, linked to negative connotations with the parent company image. 3-Increased domestic and international competition. ITC must focus on the creation of submarkets and a focus on diversification strategies. Internal Strengths: 1- Trusted brand image, this is linked to higher levels of customer loyalty. 2-Strong, reputational brand in India. 3-Infrastructure development in India. 4-Strong customer focus and a development of the marketing mix. SO strategies: 1-Strong organisational culture, focus on innovative measures. 2-Expansion of product ranges to spread risk and target a larger mass market. 3-Rise in e-commerce, online supermarkets allowing a greater access to markets. ST strategies: 1-Intangible focus on staff. Greater training and development in order to ensure strong supplier relationships and consumer relationships. 2-Differentiation in order to overcome competition. Internal Weaknesses: 1-Confused brand image, no clear link between tobacco and biscuits. 2-Issues with quality control, returned produce. 3-A need for a clear strategic focus. WO strategies: 1-Clear displays of product ranges. 2-Changing the image of ITC in order to present one clear dedication to a specific product range. WT strategies: 1-More customer orientated relationship. 2-Focus on added value for the consumer; experiential marketing will enable a greater ability to link to consumers. 3.2.1.2 MARKETING MIX OF SUNFEAST -7PS The marketing mix of sunfeast has helped it grow 28% in the last quarter. Figure On next page 3.2.2 OBJECTIVES Where do we want to go The objective of introducing Sunfeasts brown bread will be discussed in details below using the SMART model. Specific Greater focus on training programmes for their staff. This will promote the intangible nature of their staff, which in turn will contribute to a competitive advantage. This can be developed within 1-2 years. ( Continued-next page) Focus on strong relationships with the consumer and suppliers. This will increase the quality of the goods being released and will ensure a greater reputation. Continued development on product ranges greater diversification. Launch of a brown bread range. Measurable Feedback systems can be developed to review the financial benefits associated with a greater development of strong relationships with suppliers. Feedback systems from which consumers can give their opinions and input into new product ranges. Achievable ITC has an established recognition as a strong and developed brand. As such it can be seen that the firm have already many provisions in place, which will ensure the achievability of the objectives. http://www.itcportal.com/shareholder/annual-reports/itc-annual-report-2010/images/page39-1.png(The Stockholm challenge award 2006 ITC e-chaupal winner) The firm has strong resources and capabilities. As such it is these resources, which will develop an achievability of the objectives. Realistic The objective to build stronger relationships with both suppliers and consumers is realistic as it is in line with the culture of the firm. Furthermore, it can be seen that the development of new product ranges, is in line with the innovative culture of the firm. Large and experienced workforce. Timed A detailed breakdown of time required to complete this objective can be found in appendix 1. 3.2.3 STRATEGY How do we get there? Strategic vision is seen as the long-term direction of the firm. A focus on a vision is needed and as such this will develop the organisational culture of the firm (Wilson, 1992 p.18). ITC have a strategy, which is customer focused, and in turn this has resulted in a development of ranges, which are specific to consumer needs. Segmentation of the market can clearly be identified as the family market, and the more affluent single market. Thus, a clear differentiation exists between milky family biscuits, and luxury chocolate biscuits. Even better understanding of market segmentation, targeting and positioning is needed for future success. The launch of a brown bread product range requires a greater understanding of the market, and thus a combination of internal, external and customer analysis will contribute to the development of a strategy which is customer focused. 3.2.4 ACTION Who is responsible for what and when? ITC need to conduct in-depth customer research in order to find out whether customers have a desire to eat brown bread, and whether they would purchase such a good, and if so at what price. Pricing strategies are vital, and as such it can be noted that the price point of the product must be correct. Furthermore, due to it being a new product launch, the company must ensure that quality is assured. This therefore promotes a need to focus on marketing strategies and in particular the need to promote experiential marketing (Schmitt, 1999 p.53). The product range can be tried by consumers, and can result in the development of a customer base before the official launch of the product. The company must focus on building an image, and developing an emotional link between the consumer and the product. Table below (Source: Sustainability Report 2010, 2010, pp 30, 31) represents the stakeholders roles and responsibilities at ITC: Stakeholders Role Task Shareholders Ensure continued profitability and growth, communication and investor servicing. Corporate website is made available to inform and serve the shareholders with a direct response email too. Also, the Chairman meets the shareholders at the Annual General Meeting to address and provide clarifications through an open dialogue. Customers Share needs and aspirations for products and services during customer engagement process. Market surveys, personal contacts, customer satisfaction surveys, joint development and improvement projects, discussions of quality, cost, etc during customer engagement process. Employees High levels of performance to strengthen organizational efforts for competitiveness. Through workplace interactions, talent recognition programmes and employees/Manager surveys, employees are engaged to remain globally competitive. Farmers Form part of the value chain. Improve quality of agri-based raw materials sourced from the farmers by partnering with them while ensuring improved productivity, assured markets and better price realization. Suppliers Have a critical role in the value chain as they have the capability to provide quality products and services. During the supplier engagement process, supplier concerns like cost of materials, timely payments, variability in demand, capacity improvements, etc. are discussed and compliance to standards are ascertained. Community Responsible for the social performance of the company as part of its vision for inclusive growth. Community need assessment surveys in and around the operating units to provide support. Government Regulatory and public policy frameworks through industry bodies. Best-in-class practices adopted by proactively interacting with Government Regulatory authorities. 3.2.5 CONTROL How do we keep track of progress? Planning and control are inherently linked and are a necessary part of any marketing plan. Control is a fundamental management activity, and as such it can be seen that there is a growth in strategic management literature (Jaworski, 1988 p.23). At a strategic level it can be seen that the firm must track progress in a manner, which contributes to both the short-term objectives and long term goals of the firm. Feedback systems are vital, and as such it is important that SMART objectives must be considered in a manner, which can be controlled. 3.3 OPERATIONAL CHALLENGES AND PLANS TO OVERCOME THEM. There are operational challenges associated with the development of a new production range. At present the firm produce largely biscuits, however, recently have made moves towards the production of pasta and noodles. Therefore, the firm has the ability to change their production lines in order to facilitate the production of brown bread. Importantly, any change to the organisation has to be linked to change management theories (Hayes, 2007 p.12). And, as such it can be seen that the work of Kotter (1996) must be followed to ensure that the change is a smooth process. Change must be communicated in a clear manner, and most importantly the firm must project that the introduction of a brown bread product range would result in greater opportunities for the firm. 3.4 STRATEGIC INTEGRATION OF MARKETING AND OPERATIONS There is an inherent need for an integrated marketing mix. Furthermore, it is important that any marketing techniques are inherently linked to the operations of the firm. This integration will ensure that a smooth image is presented to the consumer, and such a clear brand image will link to higher levels of customer loyalty. There is a need for the two departments to work together, largely due to the fact that production will vary depending on what the marketing department dictate. The integration of the two will focus on much more than just supply and demand, and will focus on an improved organisational culture (Pickton and Broderick, 2008 p.19). 4- CONCLUSION In conclusion, in relation to the SMART objectives it can be seen that the launch of a brown bread product range would be in line with changing consumer demands, and would be aligned to the projection of the future financial figures. ITC must focus on the provision of product ranges, which are targeted to the needs of the consumer. Healthier demands, and a focus from the government on healthier and outdoors activities, drive the market for healthier produce such a brown bread. By showing the consumer the benefits of the brown bread, they will be able to tap into a differentiated market and gain a competitive advantage.

Symbol Quilts Story

Symbol Quilts Story Symbolism of Quilt in â€Å"Everyday Use?† by Alice Walker: An Analysis Symbol has been accepted by various scholars as one of the most important aspects of any piece of literature, since the entire plot revolves around it. â€Å"But what is a symbol? A symbol does not direct our attention to something else as a sign does. It does not direct at all. It â€Å"means† something else. It somehow comes to contain within itself the thing it means. The word â€Å"ball† is a sign to my dog and a symbol to me. If I say â€Å"ball† to my dog, he will respond like a good Pavlovian organism and look under the sofa and fetch it. But if I say â€Å"ball† to you, you will simply look at me and, if you are patient, finally say, â€Å"What about it?† The dog responds to the word by looking for thing; you conceive the ball through the word â€Å"ball.† Walker Percy Attribution: Walker Percy (1916-1990), U.S. novelist. The Message in the Bottle, ch. 7, Farrar (1975). In Alice Walkers short story â€Å"Everyday Use?† various symbols exist among which the most dominant is the quilts. Quilts are a fine example of a folk craft that started as simply useful and become emotionally charged. The patterns become artistically ambitious and emotionally meaningful, and the fabric used carried meaning as well. Not only that, but also how the quilts were made became part of the social structure. The symbolism of the quilts can be argued in various ways, depending upon the perspective either intended by the author or perceived by the reader. In this story, however, represent the connectedness of history and the intergenerational ties of the family. Now why are quilts so important in this story is it because it is the essence of pride in the family and needs to be displayed or is it because is it because it helps Dee feel superior over her own sister Maggie. Dee wishes to acquire the quilts because her grandmother stitched them by hand and in order to show her affection Dee wants to display the quilts by hanging them on the wall on her home. This does show her pride in her family but then again Dee gets outraged when her mother expresses her wish to give the quilts to Maggie. This is the point where Dees pride falls in the grey area. In Dees words â€Å"Maggie cant appreciate these quilts . . . Shed probably be backward enough to put them to everyday use . . . Maggie would put them on the bed and in five years theyd be in rags†. Dee does accept that the quilt represent her cultural heritage but never tried to understand the purpose of the quilts. Until the time when her mother and grandmother explained her Dee had no clue that giving Maggie the quilts help carry on the family tradition. It is not only important to accept Quilting as important tradition but to pass it as well. A tradition has no meaning if there is no one knows about it. Giving the quilts to Maggie is the best way to affirm that the connection of heritage will enhance and not only just bleakly exist. Thus, the above statements reveal the importance of symbolism. The same quilts represent heritage to both Dee and her mother but they perceive it quite differently than the other. Dee wants to preserve heritage and strongly believes that they are objects meant to be proud of and what can be a better method to reveal the pride by displaying them to the entire world. She is unable to perceive the knowledge and history attached with the quilts, and due to that fact her idea of â€Å"heritage† loses its very meaning to the core. According to her mother, however, one can not learn ones heritage until the tradition that tags along with it is understood. Dee has yet to experience the outside world, whereas Maggie has felt the treatment of the entire society while still remaining within the confines of her home. Dee feels as if her mother is unaware of the meaning and the importance of her familys heritage. But has she ever tried to realize her own heritage? In order to understand it took her mother and grandmother to make her reach down deep down in her soul. It was only then that Dee realized that although she had learned to live life with no boundaries, she has not yet attained the level of at which she could realize what is the most important question of her life What exactly is her heritage? Work Cited http://education.yahoo.com/reference/quotations/quote/54101 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everyday_Use http://www.bownet.org/jmcdermott/everyday_use__by_alice_walker.htm

Saturday, July 20, 2019

moralhf Huckleberry Finn Essays †Moral :: Adventures Huckleberry Huck Finn Essays

Huckleberry Finn – Moral The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain tell the story of how a young boy learns how to overcome the idea that colored folks are less equal then white folk. Regardless of the positive lessons portrayed throughout this book, it has been miss represented even from the very day that it was published. In fact, it has been said that this "book has been controversial since it was published it 1885" in a Los Angeles Times article written by Henry Weinstein in 1998. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is a classical story which was written for enjoyment and future education. This book was not written to encourage any derogatory slurs to any ethnic groups. Even though Jim, the colored friend of Huckleberry Finn, felt that every white person though of color people as less equal, his friendship with Huck should be an inspiration to everyone to overcome differences. America has become a country that has given every one of its citizens an awesome privilege to be equal. Along w ith this privilege to be equal, America citizens have the opportunity to learn and become educated. The schools that provide this education should had the right to teach people how this country has evolved into a great nation. This right should include an ability to examine both the good and the bad and it should include a proper response to both. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn provides an excellence chance for teachers to explain to young people how America has now treats everyone equal. Many times in the friendship of Huck and Jim, Jim's idea that all white people treat colored people as less equal then white people show up. Jim, who is a run-a-way slave, was always trying to avoid any contact with white people of town. One specific example of how Jim thought about white people was when he stumbled across a dead man on the river in a house. Jim did not what to tell anyone, not even Huck. He thought that if anyone found out they would blame him for murdering the fellow. Jim was always in hiding. He thought that if a white person saw him, he would be sent back to his owner and punished.

Friday, July 19, 2019

Contemporary Realism Essay -- essays research papers

Adventure stories are one area of genre we find under the heading of contemporary realism. Survival stories are adventures that focus on a person or group of people up against the forces of nature with which they must overcome or become a part. Island of the Blue Dolphins and Defoe's Robinson Crusoe are classic examples of survival novels.. Mystery or detective stories are a form of romance, diversion fiction creating a world which is more exciting, dangerous, and beautiful then we believe our own to be. From the Mixed-Up Files of Mrs. Basil E. Frankweiler and Nancy Drew mysteries fall under this heading. Having a sense of humor helps us to be able to laugh at ourselves and the challenges we face. Most successful relationships have humor at a key ingredient. Humorous adventure with its v...

Thursday, July 18, 2019

Energy Efficient And Environmentally Friendly Buildings Environmental Sciences Essay

The undermentioned study is a critical in-depth analysis of Green or Sustainable design. Green architecture is an attack to edifice that reduces harmful effects on the environment and to human wellness. The green interior decorator attempts to continue the natural home ground of Earth by utilizing Earth friendly edifice stuffs and building techniques. There are many factors considered by interior decorators when planing â€Å" green † . The study chiefly focuses on how green design can populate alongside or even replaces current lodging building patterns and the advantages it offers the residents and interior decorators likewise. The capable affair discussed in the study is good known and has been discussed/designed the universe over. Any edifice whether a house or an office could be designed in a manner to protect indoor infinite from external elements, premier illustration being the conditions. In order to accomplish this purpose, different elements such as sophisticated warming, air conditioning systems, airing and appropriate stuffs can be employed. In this manner, immense sums of energy is conserved on a day-to-day footing. Savingss such as these non merely have fiscal benefits to the consumer, but besides to the environment with less harmful emanations being produced than normal energy ingestion. The study is broken down into chapters and will discourse the undermentioned points in item: Introduction on what is Green design and why the demand for alteration History of green design and how it has been used throughout clip, concentrating on stuffs used in the yesteryear and the green motion today Principles of Green design and methodological analysiss incorporated. Examples of Green design. Concentrating on three separate physiques such as ; Refurbished Apartment Block, A house and a Commercial physique. How green design can hold a positive consequence on energy efficient and environmentally friendly edifices. How Designing and making productsA with new advanced thoughts will understate environmental taint, cut down the usage of energy and present the usage of alternate energy. What changes to traditional patterns are being made to accomplish Government marks with illustrations of successful current green edifice undertakings. The alterations required for the hereafter and inquire the inquiry if it is possible for all future edifices to be green. Decision, summarizing the points discussed in the study. Introduction The undermentioned chapter introduces green design and includes definitions on what is meant by green or sustainable design. The chapter besides discusses why the demand to travel ‘green ‘ and the Government marks and demand set by the United Nations. In 1983, the United Nations set up the World Commission on Environment and Development ( Bruntland Commission ) . Then in 1987, the committee published ‘Our Common Future ‘ , which defined sustainable ( green ) development as: Meeting the demands of the present without compromising the ability of future coevalss to run into their ain demands ( MacKenzie, 1991, p10 ) . Sustainability or green design is defined by the Design Council as, ‘delivering the best ( societal, environmental, economic ) public presentation for the least ( societal, environmental, economic ) cost. ‘ In order for a interior decorator to achieve sustainability a holistic attack must be adhered to which trades with the scope of demands indicated by the undermentioned three pillars of sustainable development: Social duty Environmental protection Economic development The place edifice industry started utilizing the phrase green edifices in the late eightiess ( besides referred to as sustainable design ) turning a niche motion of resource efficient places into a quiet revolution, which has easy become an ideal or preferable manner to construct. Basically, Green sustainable edifice design is a bit-by-bit place edifice procedure to understate the negative affects on the environment and which is besides resource efficient. The Green attack is a realistic reply to a assortment of issues that affect all of us in modern twenty-four hours life i.e. altering conditions forms, increasing energy monetary values and weakening H2O resources. Harmonizing to the UK Green edifice Council, which was launched in February 2007, edifices are responsible for about 40 % of our entire C footmark, which contributes to raw material use and waste production. So, you can reason that edifices have a immense impact on the environment. ( UK Green Building Council, [ n.d. ] , [ online ] ) Harmonizing to the Salford University Energy @ the University web site, UK family emanations increased by 40 % between 1990 and 2005 and 44 % of all UKs ‘ CO2 emanations came from domestic electricity ingestion and personal travel. ( University Of Salford, [ n.d. ] , [ online ] ) Unite this with the decrease in natural resources and increase in fuel monetary values, impacting the general population and there is no uncertainty that the UK is making a terrible crisis. ( Wicks, M.Woolas, P, 2008, [ online ] ) Ecological and environmental facets such as conditions, clime alteration and pollution are on the intelligence everyday. The demand for eco-friendly merchandises and lodging is increasing. Furthermore, turning consciousness of the possible impacts of clime alteration is impacting how companies operate and the merchandises they offer, both making new markets and decreasing or destructing bing 1s. Robert and Brenda Vale in their book Green Architecture. Design for a Sustainable Future defines green design as: aˆÂ ¦green attack to the built environment involves a holistic attack to the design of edifices ; that all the resources that go into a edifice, be they stuffs, fuels or the part of the users need to be considered if a sustainable architecture is to be producedaˆÂ ¦ ( Vale, R.Vale, B,1991, p5 ) Harmonizing to the Vales 66 % of entire UK energy use is accounted for by edifices and edifice building and services. This figure suggests that edifice and edifice building are one of the most of import users of energy and resources. In order to undertake issues such as ozone depletion, natural resource wastage, toxic emanations, the edifice design and building services will hold to reexamine all edifice stuffs production, building and transit methods. Insulating places or utilizing low energy visible radiation bulbs will non do much of a difference and cardinal alterations are required. ( Vale, R.Vale, B, 1991, p5 )Chapter 1: Past & A ; PresentThe undermentioned chapter discusses how green design has been used in the yesteryear and the different phases or tendencies it has been through up until the present. The chapter besides discusses some of the enterprises available from the Government to assist people travel green.1.1 HistoryGreen design may sound like a comparatively new const ruct, but the Anasazi Indians in the U.S. built the first green places 1000s of old ages ago every bit early as 700 A.D. Eric Freed writes in book Green Building and Remodeling for Dummies that few of their green place designs included inactive solar warming and chilling airing systems. They were so in front of their clip that they besides found a method for rainwater aggregation for irrigation all of which made usage of natural, non-toxic stuffs such as wood, clay and rock. Although these ancient green design thoughts are advanced and good in front of their clip, it would nevertheless be impossible to utilize them in modern edifice programs but the green places do serve good as an inspiration to builders and designers who are interested in be aftering and planing eco-friendly green places and communities. Natural, recycled, non-conventional and non-toxic edifice stuffs can be merely every bit successful in footings of run intoing the criterion needs of a edifice while besides furthering sustainability and cut downing wellness jeopardies on its residents. Constructing design has been through a figure of phases throughout history. The first being the increasing sturdiness and length of service of the stuffs used. Early edifice stuffs were delicate, such as foliages, subdivisions, and carnal fells. Soon after, more lasting natural stuffs such as rock, lumber and clay were used. Then eventually, man-made stuffs such as brick, concrete, metals, and plastic were being incorporated. Another tendency was the demand for larger edifices with considerable tallness, which was achieved by building stronger stuffs and by cognizing of how these stuffs interacted with one another to acquire the most out of them. Another tendency was to command the inside of the edifices such as the environmental facets like air temperature, visible radiation and sound degrees etc, factors that affect human comfort. Finally traveling towards the usage of powerful machinery alternatively of worlds in the edifice building procedure and how by utilizing these methods wo uld cut down energy.1.2 Past DecadesBy 1980, the green edifice motion was merely get downing to be organised but because energy monetary values were low, people did non see the demand to salvage and hence really small advancement was made. The motion was get downing but was still a long manner from the thoughts formed in earlier decennaries. ( The doctrine of sustainable design, p29 ) . Advocates for sustainable design faced extra barriers and Green design thoughts were difficult to come by. Green stuffs were more expensive and difficult to happen. Peoples did non hold sufficient cognition and because there was non a demand for Green, errors were being made. These blends of factors were non formulas for rapid growing and hence Green was no longer seen as the in-thing. ( The doctrine of sustainable design, p30 ) .1.3 The twenty-first centuryThe 21st century is where green or sustainable design truly lifted off and peculiarly this decennary will expected to be known as the decennary that green design became chief watercourse. Peoples are gaining that edifice in green consequences in healthier better edifices that are more cost-efficient in the terminal and sometimes cheaper in the short tally every bit good. The design of edifices has changed throughout the old ages but the intent of edifices has remained changeless. Building or places provide safety, heat and shelter. Recently, comfort degree demands by residents of edifices and places have significantly increased. The demand for greater comfort degrees in edifices have led interior decorators to pretermit green stuffs and alternatively choose for mass produced stuffs and incorporating energy supply distributed from a centralized power beginning which has increased the human habitation. Architects and builders now recognise the demand for more sustainable and energy efficient edifices. Building Regulations are altering rapidly and the Government has proposed alterations to Building Regulations and hold stated that edifices constructed between 2008 and 2016 will hold to utilize renewable energy and do usage of sustainable merchandises and stuffs. The purpose of these ordinances is to cut down the environmental impact from both populating in edifices and the existent edifice procedure whilst increasing comfort degree for residents.1.4 PresentIn an attempt to take down the UK ‘ C footmark, the Government, late launched a strategy called the Low Carbon Building ‘s Programme through its Department for Trade and Industry ( DTI ) web site. The Government introduced this enterprise to run into national and International demands to cut down pollution, therefore cut downing the effects of clime alteration. The programme has been set up to offer homeowners and community group ‘s grants to put in merchandises that derive energy from renewable beginnings and hence cut down the use of power efficaciously within their places. The available grants are helpful to homeowners who would wish to travel green because these merchandises are in early phases of mass use and be given to be rather expensive. ( Department of energy and clime alteration, 2010, [ online ] ) The Carbon Trust, a non-profit Independent Company set up by the Government that works with concerns to cut down emanations has launched an enterprise called the Low-Carbon Building Accelerator ( LCBA ) . The undertaking of the LCBA is to seek to rush the acceptance of enterprises such as grant in order to finish undertakings in a low-carbon and cost effectual mode for commercial edifices and their renovation. ( Carbon Trust, 2011, [ online ] ) As we can see from the above the UK Government have started the ball peal and are making their spot to acquire people to travel green and get down utilizing sustainable design methods. However, what are these methods and will these methods be incorporated in mass building processes? In order to reply this inquiry, foremost we need to look at the rules of Green design and how these have been used so far.Chapter 2: Green Design PrinciplesThe undermentioned chapter discusses the many rules of Green design and although there are many definitions for green or sustainable design the following from the Building Services Research and Information Association ( BSRIA ) sums it up absolutely: ..The creative activity and responsible direction of a healthy built environment based on resource efficient and ecological rules†¦ ( Sustainable Architecture, 2002, [ online ] ) The above definition combines energy efficiency with the impact of stuffs on residents. BSRIA categorise Green principles as the followers: Enhancing the natural environment Understating non-renewable resource use Understating the usage of toxins With consuming natural resources and the ever-increasing cost of energy, utilizing green edifice schemes is going more of import. A well-designed green edifice should concentrate on how it uses energy and the systems that installed to cut down energy ingestion as good the usage of environmentally friendly stuffs. There are many rules of Green architecture and design, which are considered when traveling green. Sustainable or Green designed, built and managed edifice, are reduces the negative impact on the environment. There are legion manner of constructing a house, offices or schools, but the finest physiques should include the undermentioned: Energy Efficiency Solar Panels Water Efficiency Heating and Cooling Systems Insulation Airtight and Ventilation Building Materials Local Recycled Materials Indoor Air Technology Zero or Minimal Waste User Management The Location2.1 Energy EfficiencyIn order to cut down the public-service corporation cost without the demand to considerably cut down use, energy-efficient merchandises should be incorporated into the design. Energy salvaging merchandises, such as LED bulbs, possibly cost a little more to purchase than the mean incandescent bulb, but they are energy efficient and have a longer lifespan.. Harmonizing to the BBC energy salvaging bulbs requires 70 % less energy than standard visible radiation bulbs. Using an energy salvaging bulb would cut down mean one-year energy use from 700kwh to 150kwh, which is a immense decrease of 550khw. The tabular array below ( figure 1 ) show comparing between normal and energy salvaging light bulbs.Comparison of incandescent, CFL ‘s and LED bulbsFig 1: ( Comparison of incandescent, CFL ‘s and LED bulbs, [ n.d ] . [ on-line ] ) Low Energy ingestion is a cardinal component of green constructing design. Making usage of energy beginnings like solar, air current is going progressively of import. Heating, air conditioning and airing are normally a edifice ‘s biggest energy costs, so basic patterns like chairing summer and winter thermoregulator scenes makes a large difference. Besides integrating efficient contraptions like those with Energy Star enfranchisement can travel a long manner and organize the ideal. Windows besides play a really of import function when planing green edifices. High quality, ternary glazed insulating Windowss are every bit every bit of import as window arrangement. Correctly placed Windowss allow plentifulness of daytime and heat during the winter months which reduces visible radiation and heat use, therefore salvaging on measures.2.2 Solar PanelsBuildings can utilize solar panels in order to cut their C footmark. To cut down energy costs the Sun ‘s angle and its waies in different times of the twelvemonth are taken into consideration.Successful inactive solar design is the procedure of warming and chilling a edifice of course with no trust on mechanical systems. The regional location, form, edifice landscape, orientation, insularity and window size are of import factors to see when inactive solar systems are used to heat and chill a edifice. ( Energy Saving Trust, 2011, [ online ] ) In order to maximize utilizing the Sun ‘s heat at place, a south-facing way is advantageous. To accomplish this end stuffs and elements such as a tiled floor, internal heat shops and a brick chimney can be fitted, which is exposed to direct sunshine during the twenty-four hours. Windows if possible should be built and placed confronting South in order to allow the Sun inside the house in the winter because in summer, the Sun passes overhead at midday and its way in the southern sky is on lower place in winter. ( Solar Trading Post LLC [ Online ] ) . Another method to forestall heat loss is to hold an over hanged roof. In ice chest countries, the north side of the house can be built into a hillside to cut down more heat loss. In warmer parts, the incline need non be as steep. ( McRae, 1999-2010, [ online ] )2.3 Water EfficiencyIt is of import that H2O efficient merchandises do non hold a negative impact on consumer life styles. Different types of merchandises are available on the market which consume less H2O and do non give design. With the demand for H2O efficient devices built into planning ordinances, interior decorators can find a edifice ‘s H2O efficiency demands. There are plentifulness of merchandises available on the market that have been tried and tested and are of good quality and design every bit good as being H2O efficient. Integrating water-saving plumbing fixtures and suiting, such as low-flow lights-outs, lavatories and spigots, will besides do considerable nest eggs in H2O use. ( Water Efficient Buildings, [ n.d. ] , [ online ] ) Around 30 % of the entire H2O use in places is from utilizing a lavatory flower. Water-efficient dual-flush lavatories use merely four liters of H2O with decreased flushing and six liters for a full flower comparison this to the traditional individual flower lavatory which can utilize up to 13 liters. ( Waterwise,2011, [ online ] ) As discussed above there are many H2O salvaging devices and adjustments available on the market like flow restrictor flow sinks and showers but others are still being introduced, like the reuse of non-septic H2O from sinks and showers to blush lavatories and irrigate landscapes known as Grey H2O use. Some green edifice designs besides use rainwater, roll uping it and hive awaying which is so used to supply potable H2O or aid cool the edifice. ( G, J.Burnes, J,2009, [ online ] ) Other methods to cut down H2O usage include the design execution of plumbing or warming and chilling systems.2.4 Heating Storage and Cooling systemsMore frequently than non, the ground for edifices non being more energy efficient is that the warming and chilling system are usually designed individually from the edifice procedure. If the warming or chilling system is non thought of in the design procedure so these are by and large bought as external merchandises. Using technological warming and chilling contraptions can be really expensive. ( Thomas, 2005, p39 ) When planing a house, the clime should be considered for energy-efficient places. The clime of the site will assist to make up one's mind whether the demand should be more focussed on heat or chilling. This will find what types of warming and chilling systems are most good. ( McRae, 1999-2010, [ online ] ) Majority of people build their houses in order to utilize less energy so some might non put in a proper warming system believing they will non necessitate it. However, the house will non be comfy without any warming system. Solar panels can supply heat but they can non heat the H2O and hot H2O is indispensable so alternatively of a full warming system, interior decorators can integrate a little warming unit onto a airing system. ( Brinkley, 2007, [ Online ] ) A2.5 InsulationMistakes in edifice design and building will let heat and cold to come in the house. The solution to decide this affair is by sealing the place ‘s thermic envelope, which separates the living country of the place from the outside infinite. Insulation can supply the undermentioned benefits: Prevent blowing energy in places. Saves money and energy resources Additions comfort degrees by keeping a consistent temperature inside the house, Walls, floors and ceilings are unbroken heater in the winter and ice chest in the summer. The entire sum of energy consumed or saved will depend on assorted elements such: Regional clime, size and construction of the house Heating and chilling systems efficiency ; Energy ingestion by residents. Proper insularity can salvage edifices money and energy efficient edifices will be even more of import as public-service corporation measures addition. ( Desjarlais, 2008, [ online ] ) The outer bed of a edifice is made up of different stuffs, which may hive away, absorb or is heat opposition. Considerable sum of heat loss is through the roof ; therefore the roof of a edifice requires proper insularity. Wide scope of insulating stuffs are available on the market for houses and homeowners can use for Government grants of up to 100 % of the cost of insularity. ( Internet Marketing Kent Ltd,2010, [ Online ] )2.6 Airtight and VentilationIn every measure of the design procedure, the airtight job should be good thought-out which can hold a great consequence on the measure of air escape. The interior decorator should place the right place of the air-tight barrier in early phases of design and should be clearly thought of in the edifice programs. The air-tight barrier is a changeless line around the edifice that divides heated and unwarmed infinites. It is paramount that the builders understand the importance of air-tight barrier and besides how it is to be incorporated and keep its unity. ( Choice Domains Ltd, 2010, [ Online ] ) Mechanical airing systems are indispensable because green edifices typically have really low degrees of air escape, so the lone manner to acquire rid of stale air is to put in a good airing system. Unfortunately, a immense figure of mechanical airing systems are designed or installed in bad conditions. ( Holladay, 2010, [ online ] )2.7 Building MaterialsaˆÂ ¦A edifice signifier is of import from an energy point of position. If possible, a edifice should be solid, with a low surface country to volume ratio, because the edifice ‘s surface is the primary factor through for heat loss. ( Making causes, 2010, [ online ] ) A truly good stuff to utilize when traveling green is Aluminium. There are many advantages in utilizing aluminum such as ; it can be used many times and is non-toxic, cut down noise, stronger, lasting and anti-corrosive. Using stuff for walls which absorbs heat is an of import factor when traveling Green. There are several methods to cut down or forestall heat loss through walls. One method is to utilize Ceramic wall tiling which can replace wallpaper. These tiles look clean and come in many colorss and designs. Another method is Wall Cavity Insulation, which is the procedure of make fulling the air infinite between the two beds of brick with permeable stuff. Government grants are available for house proprietors who wish to put in pit wall insularity. Last, a Biological filter infected armored combat vehicle made from fiberglass which is designed in a manner which does non foul environment, equipped with bactericidal system, anti-leak, lasting, easy to put in, and does n't necessitate particular intervention. There are many edifice stuffs which can cut down pollution, non hold a negative impact on the environment and which should be considered when planing and building in a sustainable procedure.2.8 Local Recycled MaterialsMaterial use is really of import when it comes to planing a green edifice but the interior decorator should besides see where the stuff comes from. Locally sourced stuffs use less energy in transit and assist the local economic system. Recycled stuffs lessen the demands to utilize new stuffs, extinguish waste and usage less energy. It is as though every twenty-four hours, some advanced, new sustainable edifice stuff for green edifices comes on-line. For illustration, recycled or reclaimable stuffs from older edifice which are to be demolished or local stuffs such as crushed rock, and rock, that can be gathered from constructing sites. These recycled stuffs besides have the added benefit of incorporating small or no toxic substances and are derived from sustainable beginnings.2.9 Indoor AirHarmonizing to the EPA ( Environmental Protection Agency ) indoor air can be up to 100 times more contaminated than out-of-door air. Indoor air quality plays an of import function in people ‘s wellness. Reducing pollution and indoor air quality betterment is overriding, particularly in edifices that are to a great extent populated, such as offices and houses. ( UK Indoor Air Quility, 2010, [ online ] ) Volatile organic compounds ( VOCs ) from some adhesives, man-made cloths and pigment are a well-documented wellness jeopardy. Using HVAC and not Volatile Organic Compound ( VOC ) stuff decreases the odor of new stuffs and are less harmful to human wellness. ( Buchdahl, 2002-2004, [ online ] )2.1o TechnologyThe Governments ‘ program to do all new places carbon free by 2016 can be achieved by utilizing Technology. We live in a technological epoch with day-to-day promotion in this field. ( BBC News, 2006, [ online ] ) A important part of Britain ‘s energy end product is used on power, heat and illuming for places. In order to cut down this use and to run into Governments mark of C free places, the interior decorators have to do usage of cutting-edge engineering. An interesting article in the Telegraph newspaper about the latest green engineering says interior decorators should utilize engineering, which fits the state of affairs they are covering with and should be assessed on an single undertaking footing, or else they will neglect on the three of import demands of cutting C emanations, cost decrease and client satisfaction. ( Eccleston,2008, [ online ] ) . There are many different types of engineering available today to interior decorators. Harmonizing to the NHBC ( National Housing Building Council ) there are 11 different types of engineering which interior decorators can take advantage of such as solar systems, fuel cells, renewable heat power systems and little graduated table hydroelectric engineerings. These peculiar engineerings are designed with cost-efficiency and C salvaging benefits in head with factors like geographical location, consumer nest eggs and Government be aftering ordinance taken into consideration.2.11 Zero or minimum WasteDoes Green edifice ever have to be new edifices? No-some green edifices are non new at all. In fact, they are older edifices that have been modified for reuse and have incorporated green thoughts. Adaptive edifice reuse, like turning an old warehouse into lodging, is merely one illustration of how smart design can cut down the waste flow from building, every bit good as the waste generated dur ing edifice tenancy.2.12 User Management and MaintenanceSo we have a latest all green edifice that does non impact the environment like traditional houses but that would intend nil if the residents did non pattern sustainable life. What would be the point of life in a ‘green ‘ house if the users for illustration did non exchange of the visible radiations when non in usage to salvage energy or did non recycle their waste? Populating in a Green edifice requires a lifestyle alteration and on-going engagement in sustainable life from residents.2.13 The LocationThe pick of location consideration of reuse or rehabilitation of bing edifice is overriding when planing in a sustainable procedure. The undermentioned points should be considered by interior decorators before get downing building: The edifice should non be constructed in sensitive home grounds like wetlands or old growing woods. Many new green edifices are wittingly built over past contaminated industrial sites. Buildings should be designed and constructed near coach and train Stationss, which should promote public conveyance use. Buildings should be designed with space-efficiency in head. Physiques with less infinite and smaller auto Parkss are likely to be more energy-efficient. Ideally landscaping should integrate non-invasive native workss, which can bring forth nutrient. Site design whether it is a new edifice or a renovation of an bing edifice should work together with sustainable design to finish a successful undertaking. ( WBDG Sustainable Committee, 2010, [ online ] )Chapter 3: Examples of Green Buildings in UKThe undermentioned chapter provides illustrations of green edifices in the UK. There are many illustrations to take from but the writer has highlighted some of the most recent undertakings.3.1 Apartment Block DevelopmentBelow is ( Fig. 2 ) is a significant low-energy lodging strategy developed by a company called Citu, who turned an empty 1930s art-deco construction in to a multi-award winning low C sustainable development called the Greenhouse.Fig 2. ( Greenhouse, Leeds, 2010, [ online ] )The Greenhouse in Leeds is a radical green development undertaking, which incorporates the latest pioneering environmental sustainable methods that are like no other in the UK. The refurbished edifice is designed as a multi-use infinite which includes fla ts for occupants and office infinite for companies. The edifice incorporates many different types of functionality and uses the latest engineering to cut C emanations and do it energy efficient and economical. The edifice has an energy public presentation certification A evaluation, which is achieved utilizing the undermentioned methods: High degrees of insularity for the air-tight barrier. Solar panels and air current turbines installed on the roof Land beginning heat pump. Building direction system which transports air from hot countries to where warming is required. Heat recovered in the summer is besides used for H2O warming The edifice besides incorporates the following green design rules which are discussed in inside informations below.3.1.1 Water EfficientGrey H2O is recycled from sinks, showers and lavatories and Rainwater is harvested from roof patios which is filtered so reused to rinse apparels and flush lavatories. These methods together with H2O efficient contraptions would cut down H2O use 80 liters per individual per twenty-four hours compared to 148 liters of mean use. In add-on to this, the flow restricted lights-outs and shower caputs are fitted throughout the edifice as standard together with double flush lavatories decrease H2O use without compromising public presentation.3.1.2 Natural Material Reuse and RecyclingKitchen worktops are made from sustainable Bamboo which matures in 7 old ages, and the remnant or cut out worktops recycled and used as sink screens and can besides be used as chopping boards. Locally sourced 100 % wool is used for the rugs which are fitted above the recycled carpet pad. To salvage clip and cost for off-site waste sorting, skips for different types of stuffs were placed on site, which would recycle about 85 % of waste accumulated each month. Every level it fitted with recycling installations and incorporate bins are provided for dividing reclaimable and non-recyclable waste.3.1.3 TechnologyTechnology is used widely within the edifice to expose the edifices overall energy use. Energy efficient LED proctors are fitted in the response country to expose entire energy ingestion of the edifice and to promote occupants to work as a community to diminish the entire energy use. ( Lane, 2010, [ online ] ) Besides another great advanced sustainable characteristic is that recycled and non-recycled waste is calculated and displayed on resident Television screens so residents can see how much they have recycled and what they need to make to increase recycling. Equally good as supervising their waste on Televisions occupants can besides supervise their electricity use and maintain an oculus on their H2O use. Daily, hebdomadal and monthly energy and H2O ingestion is displayed on screen in Kilowatts and Litres every bit good as how much it is bing them. The purpose of this information is to seek and cut down energy use and do occupants cognizant of their day-to-day activities. Energy salvaging visible radiations which use LED bulbs were installed to cut down energy use and hence lessening public-service corporation measures.3.1.4 Health LivingApartments are fitted with floor to ceiling Windowss which are designed in order to utilize maximal possible daylight.A The edifice besides counteracts the job of prohibitionist or stale air from air conditioning systems by utilizing good airing system to invariably go around fresh air throughout the edifice. The edifice is besides kitted out with an on-site gym equipped with different types of equipment tailored for all types of workouts.A The advantage of holding an on-site gym is that it encourages interaction between occupants and office workers, and therefore helps develop a stronger community. Another great characteristic of the edifice is the on-site coffeehouse which sells newly baked staff of life and sandwiches every bit good as fresh java which of class ethically sourced. The cafe besides sells locally produced healthy organic food.A Residents and office workers can bask their ethically sourced nutrient in the shared courtyard which once more encourages is designed to convey the together.3.2 Green Housing DevelopmentFig 3. ( Threshold Centre, Dorset, 2010, [ online ] )The Threshold Centre in Dorset is one of UK ‘s first co-housing sustainable life strategies developed in 2008. The Centre takes the thought of green life to another degree. The purpose is to cut down C emanations by altering the manner people live in order to populate in harmoniousness with the environment. ( Lane, 2010, [ online ] ) The followers are some of the green thoughts incorporated into the physique: Electricity such as lighting and airing is derived from Solar panels Heating and hot H2O is provided by a zero emanation Biomass boiler system The ‘Green Travel Plan ‘ introduced so occupants can auto portion, therefore cut down pollutions from autos and heighten communal life ethos Residents can turn their ain healthy green goods in the communal gardens Residents portion electrical contraptions such as rinsing machines and deep-freezes which is infinite efficient in the places and cut down energy ingestion. Wide scope of waste can be recycled on-site. The above are merely some of the sustainable methods discussed. The Threshold Centre is a really good illustration of green life and surely interior decorators and developers can larn from this really good illustration. ( The Threshold Centre, 2010, [ online ] )3.2.1 Commercial DevelopmentPresently a new Green development is approaching completion in Manchester at MMU All Saints ( See Fig. 5 below )Fig.4 ( New MMU Business School, 2007, [ online ] )The concern school is a alone construct and the undermentioned methods are merely some of the Green rules incorporated into the physique: The edifice is supported by three towers which reside under a individual glass roof, which lets in natural visible radiation. Land beginning heating pumps along with big Solar panels will bring forth power for the edifice. The diamond shaped edifice has Windowss which are glazed so that colorss and forms of the glass invariably change throughout the twenty-four hours. A rainwater reaping system has been setup to feed H2O into the chief edifice H2O supply ( see Fig 6 below )Fig 5. ( MMU Business School Rainwater Harvesting System, [ Online ] )Three illustrations discussed above are all different but they provide an penetration on what types of undertakings are being developed presents. They are alone but they use the same green methodological analysiss discussed in this study.Chapter 4: Incorporating alterationThe undermentioned chapter discusses what alterations are required to traditional patterns in order to accomplish Government set marks to cut UK ‘s C footmark and the alterations required for the hereafter. The treatment revolves around the undermentioned countries of duty when it comes to planing Green: The Designer Government Policies Partnerships and Collaboration Education4.1 The Interior designerInterior designers have a major function in the edifice building industry as service suppliers. They besides have to understand their wider function which recognises that being a interior decorator is non merely about planing a good merchandise but besides to determine societies in such a manner that reduces or minimises the negative impact of industries on the environment. In order to carry through the challenges set, the interior decorators have to be educated in multi-disciplines sectors such as Architecture and Construction etc. An attack to dedication to continual acquisition and encompassing alteration and patterns is required if they are to run into these challenges. ( Health and Safety Executive, [ n.d. ] , [ online ] )4.2 Government policiesIt has long been recognised that the Government has a function to play in act uponing how we use resources and guaranting a sustainable hereafter. The UK Government has established ethical codifications o f pattern. The Government is under force per unit area to cut down the states carbon footmark of 34 % by 2020. In order to cut down emanations the Government has setup administrations to cover with the issue. The Government is actively advancing green development by offering grants to house proprietors to integrate green engineering and stuffs into their places. The Government late unveiled a green transmutation strategy in Manchester for Britain ‘s places. The strategy is the largest of its sort and the purpose is to offer betterments to places such as better warming systems and pit wall insularity. The lodging association will pay for the cost upfront and so the renter will pay for the cost by the nest eggs they will do throughout the twelvemonth. The strategy will do alterations to 2,500 places within Greater Manchester and hopefully pave the manner for 260,000 places. ( Communities and Local Government, 2011, [ online ] ) The Government is besides integrating Green design rules such as recycling paper waste, pressman ink cartridges, and utilizing effectual energy efficient illuming to cut down energy use in public sector edifices is directing out a positive message to companies and householders likewise. Besides bit by bit more public and private sector administrations are join forcesing with service suppliers that have clear environmental policies that take into history sustainable concern procedures.4.3 Partnerships and coactionAs discussed above, interior decorators need to use new methods and patterns which may take them beyond their current degree of expertness. Interior designers must be cognizant of issues such as the environment and current progresss in the wider processes of green design. They need to maintain in melody with new developments, for illustration by reading up on publications in the field of green design or holding close dealingss to environmental bureaus and consultancy houses. The demand in design to cut down negative environmental impact in a new physique will necessitate close coaction with 3rd parties such as ; building companies, applied scientists, technological experts and local Government governments will be important. ( MacKenzie, 1991, 158-9 ) Lack of multi sector partnerships and coaction in the preliminary phases of undertaking design could take to non run intoing demands and therefore failure to accomplish a green undertaking.4.4 EducationThe National Qualifications Framework ( UK ) sets out degrees for all undergraduate survey. For illustration the architecture capable benchmarks make it clear that environmental issues and sustainable design faculties are to be studied but the art and design faculties cover environmental issues in contextual surveies but do non clearly refer to sustainable design in the course of study. ( Directgov, 2011, [ online ] ) Students need to be taught what impact design and fabrication procedures can hold on the environment and how to follow sustainable design methods. Courses in Design should include the impact of design on the environment. As discussed above multidisciplinary coaction is of import and should be promoted. Students early in their classs should be encouraged to join forces and portion thoughts with pupils on other design, technology and building classs. The pupil needs to develop a wider point of view on how design processes fit into context such as ; societal, economic and political. To achieve an apprehension of these issues a theoretical attack that reaches beyond environmental issues is required. For illustration, The Royal Society of Arts one-year pupil awards ( RSA Directions ) , provide pupils chances to work in multi-disciplinary squads to develop undertakings which are advanced, inquiries current patterns and demonstrate sustainable design methodological analysiss. ( RSA,2010, [ online ] )DecisionGreen Low-cost edifices are designed to run into assorted marks. In order to make this end, different factors must be considered, such as: Using high degrees of insularity Alternative energy use High-performance Windowss. Strongly sealed building Sophisticated warming and chilling system Air conditioning systems Good Ventilation systems. Recycling Energy efficiency should do houses more low-cost by take downing the operating cost for residents. By integrating proper airing systems, the indoor air quality can be improved enormously. The differing types of building stuffs and low care are besides of import. Long permanent organic stuffs are more expensive to buy but the residents will salvage money on energy measures in the long tally. Choosing technological systems and stuffs with the least impact on the environment is the most important consideration in green low-cost edifice. The interior decorator should hold sufficient cognition be able to rede their clients on green design rules and how these new physiques can be energy efficient. Besides the interior decorator should be able to reassign the clients ‘ green demands into world by integrating the latest pioneering sustainable methods and engineering. The methods discussed in this study such as green reclaimable stuffs, solar and air current panels, waste direction systems, and H2O efficient adjustments and contraptions should be considered. A edifice can merely be genuinely sustainable when both the design and building procedure work together in partnership. Both facets of the physique should be carefully planned and detailed by the undertaking designer. The environment and site location are major factors to see when planing in a sustainable procedure. These factors should assist the interior decorator make the right determination on how the current ecology of the country can work in tandem with the new green development. Existing physiques which are largely located in urban countries, the interior decorator should see recycling or recycle on site stuffs where possible and as for the location, the local conveyances construction should be taken into consideration. The assorted parties involved in the whole design procedure such as the interior decorators, builders, local governments and residents need to work together to make a successful green undertaking. Green design thought has to get down in the schoolroom. Education is the key to future green developments and pupils should be taught sustainable methods in order to develop green edifices in the hereafter. Knowledge plays a major function in keeping green edifices, residents should be educated on green life rules and do them gain that what they do straight affects the environment. There are many illustrations of green development in the UK. It seems as though interior decorators are now believing ‘green ‘ and with the debut of new C cutting Torahs, they are left with small pick but to travel green. The study realises that Green design and building can populate alongside traditional lodging units and it seems as though that hereafter edifices are sing green design methodological analysiss and procedures in every facet of both the design and building procedure. Worlds are gaining that old ages of disregard on the environment has to alter and they need to get down populating peacefully with the environment. Hopefully the study shows that green design and building is more than the choice of recycled or organic stuffs and involves a greater scope of concerns. Mass green development is really possible and the chance is at that place to plan and build energy efficient and environmentally friendly places and workplaces which do non compromise design but uncover our human ability to accommodate to alter and continue the natural balance of the beautiful universe.